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by a faculty member at the College of Osteopathic Medicine (NYITCOM), funded by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), could improve understanding of brain cell function and help to deliver a new type of treatment for intellectual disability.

^{Pictured: Lead researcher Jerry Yingtao Zhao, Ph.D. (center), Postdoctoral Fellow Sohyun Moon, Ph.D. (left), and Senior Research Associate Hiu Ham 鈥淎da鈥� Lee (right).}

Approximately people in the United States have intellectual disability, a brain condition that limits the ability to learn everyday tasks and life skills. In children, intellectual disability can lead to delays in social development and needing help beyond the expected age with daily activities such as bathing and brushing one鈥檚 teeth. While some adults with the condition lead independent lives, many require support from caregivers throughout their lifetime.

The causes of intellectual disability include genetic inheritance, childbirth complications, toxic chemical exposure, and brain tumors, among others. While some medications can improve behavioral and psychiatric effects caused by the condition, treatments for its underlying cognitive impairments remain undiscovered. Now, a new study by NYITCOM Assistant Professor of Biomedical Sciences Jerry Yingtao 聽Zhao, Ph.D., funded by a grant from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH, could bring scientists one step closer to finding one.

Zhao鈥檚 study, published in the journal , investigates how a gene mutation seen in patients with intellectual disability impairs the function of a critical sugar molecule found on the surface of human cells (heparan sulfate). The molecule is believed to help regulate cell-to-cell interactions, including those in the brain, with deficient heparan sulfate levels linked to autism spectrum disorder and overaccumulation linked to Alzheimer鈥檚 disease and Parkinson鈥檚 disease.

Zhao and his research team used a novel mouse model that featured RNA sequencing, machine learning, and other innovative techniques to analyze the relationship between gene mutation and heparan sulfate activity. They discovered that the sugar activity was lower in mice with the mutation. In addition, these animals displayed impaired brain and memory function when given behavioral tests. The team鈥檚 findings suggest that regulating heparan sulfate activity may counteract the gene mutation鈥檚 cognitive effects, new information that could provide a crucial building block in developing a cure for intellectual disability in humans.

鈥淚ntellectual disability affects many people worldwide, but the current treatment options are limited. Based on genetic findings from human patients, my lab generated a new animal model for intellectual disability and identified novel molecular mechanisms. Thus, our findings provide critical insights into this condition, which may eventually help us to develop a cure,鈥� says Zhao, who is also conducting NIH-funded studies into the role of heparan sulfate dysfunction in Alzheimer鈥檚, autism, and Parkinson鈥檚.  

As a next step, Zhao and his team will treat the disease mouse models with small molecule medications to correct the memory and cognitive problems. With positive results from this animal model, Zhao and his team are also planning clinical trials for individuals with intellectual disability.

Zhao鈥檚 research team includes Postdoctoral Fellow Sohyun Moon, Ph.D., Senior Research Associate Hiu Ham 鈥淎da鈥� Lee, NYITCOM students Zainab Mubasher and Laiba Ahmed, and alumna Mahima Parappurath (B.S. 鈥�22). Other NYITCOM researchers involved include Associate Professor of Biomedical Sciences Raddy L. Ramos, Ph.D., and聽former Assistant Professor of Biomedical Sciences Weikang Cai, Ph.D.

Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R15NS130456. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.